Biodiesel Algae Could Be the Next Big Fuel Source

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Biodiesel is made from a number of different source oils. Animal fats and waste vegetable oils from restaurants may be the most common image that comes to mind. There is no doubt that this portion of the overall biodiesel production market is growing rapidly. A lot of biodiesel is coming out of homemade biodiesel kits refined by home brewers, but the very individual nature of the production makes it impossible to count. 

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But it is safe to say that whatever that amount is, it is still dwarfed by production from plant sources destined for processing in commercial plants that provide the fuel primarily for large fleet and government users. Brazil leads the world in biodiesel production from sugar cane, while in the US most biodiesel production is from soybeans and corn.

Today's first generation biodiesel fuels are not projected to replace more than 10-30% of the world's oil supply. Yet they are hotly debated with many anticipating and fearing the disruption in food production and prices that may be seen if they reach those levels.

Proponents argue that these crops will provide both food and fuel, and that more land for fuel crops can be found. One suggestion showed a projected yield equivalent to today's total production just by utilizing the median strips of US highways for fuel crops.

Opponents cite current rising food prices that can be tied back to rising fuel prices and claim the connection is already too strong. To take crops out of food production and shift them to fuel production would only fuel a faster and higher spiraling of prices for both food and fuel.

So new fuel sources are desperately being sought. This second generation of biofuel candidates includes algae. Algae is the world's fastest growing organism and fat is half its composition, making it an ideal candidate.

However, there are numerous stumbling blocks to be overcome in the actual production end. One company, Sapphire Energy, recently announced that they have secured financing of more than 0 million dollars to figure out how and where to grow the mass quantities needed for production and how to distribute it.

Algae is one of the most efficient organisms on earth in terms of using the sun, far outstripping sugar cane or corn. That's led some to suggest the southwestern US desert as an ideal place to raise biodiesel algae because the abundant sunshine and lack of any other commercial uses for the area. However, distribution and transportation from desert algae farms to dense eastern cities could keep the price of production too high to ever make it a profitable venture.

That's just one of the hurdles to be overcome before biodiesel algae is listed as an official fuel. Just what algae strains grow best, and yield the most under commercial conditions is unknown. What's the best way to recover and refine the lipids (fats) also remains to be tested.

It's far more likely that in the near term at least, the most successful growers and refiners of biodiesel algae will be the small group or individual growers. Students at a school in Chicago IL have grown and powered their own vehicle in a 20 mile road test using algae, while large companies like Sapphire are still defining their research and production testing goals in the area.

A home brewer isn't faced with the same challenges as a large commercial brewer. Efficiencies of scale are not his problem. Mastering and refining step-by-step production activities until they become cost effective is his only concern. And costs on the home brewer scale are also extremely reasonable as they are with all home biodiesel production once you get past the initial equipment outlays.

In this case, the home brewer may turn out to hold the key to understanding and growing this crucial second generation...and profiting from it the most.

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Riding the Biodiesel Boom with Nova

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Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel produced from domestic, renewable resources such as vegetable oils or other renewable resources. It can be made from soy or canola oil, waste cooking oil, and even animal fats. Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compressionignition (diesel) engines with no major modifications. Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel can be distributed using today's infrastructure, and its use and production are increasing rapidly. Fuel stations are beginning to make biodiesel available to consumers, and a growing number of transport fleets use it as an additive in their fuel.

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Biodiesel is gaining popularity because it's good for the environment and can be used in almost any diesel vehicle built in the past 10 years. The production of biodiesel is an industry in its infancy within the United States , even though the market for the alternative fuel has been a mainstay in Europe and South America for years. It is expanding rapidly all over the world due to growing concerns about levels of environmental pollution and limited supply of energy sources.

In 2000, biodiesel became the only alternative fuel in the country to have successfully completed the EPA-required Tier I and Tier II health effects testing under the Clean Air Act. These independent tests conclusively demonstrate biodiesels' significant reduction of virtually all regulated emissions, and showed biodiesel does not pose a threat to human health. A US Department of Energy study showed that the production and use of biodiesel, compared to petroleum diesel, resulted in a 78.5% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, biodiesel has a positive energy balance. For every unit of energy needed to produce a gallon of biodiesel, 3.24 units of energy are gained. Many federal agencies, including the Department of Defense (DoD), are choosing to use biodiesel or biodiesel blends.

There are some drawbacks to biodiesel worth mentioning. Biodiesel is generally more expensive to purchase than petroleum diesel but this differential may diminish due to economies of scale, the rising cost of petroleum and government tax subsidies. Besides higher costs, biodiesel coagulates at cold temperatures, so vehicles must be retrofitted with a fuel-heating system. And although biodiesel vehicles are cleaner than regular diesel in many respects, they still emit about the same amount of nitrogen oxide, one of the main components of smog. Still, many are convinced that the advantages of biodiesel far outweigh the disadvantages.

Chevron recently gave million to the University of California, Davis (UC Davis) to continue research into biofuel processing technology.

Chevron also invested in a Texas biodiesel plant, which will give them 22% ownership and boost U.S. biodiesel production by more than 50%.

South Africa-based Standard Bank has entered the biodiesel sector with an million equity investment in Biodiesel Energy Trading.

Environmentally-conscious celebrities such as Willie Nelson, Jack Johnson and Mandy Moore, are also supporting and investing in biodiesel. Willie Nelson even started his own biodiesel company, aptly titled BioWillie.

In the United States, 34 out of the 50 states are now producing biodiesel fuel, with Maryland recently added to the list.

So how can you capitalize on the momentum of biodiesel, make a healthy return and help to save the environment in the process? We have profiled one of our favorite biodiesel plays below.

Nova Biosource Fuels (Ticker: NVAO.OB)

Nova Biosource Fuels, which was previously Nova Energy Holding, is an energy company that synthesizes and distributes renewable fuel products. Nova's initial focus is to construct and operate several biodiesel refineries with production capacity of more than 300 million gallons of fuel on an annual basis. Within three years Nova intends to construct, utilizing proprietary patented-process technology, seven biodiesel refineries ranging from 20- to 50-million gallons per year in production capacity. Nova has already taken concrete steps toward the realization of these goals:

Nova completed a private placement in July for over million. These funds will be used to build and operate two to four biodiesel refineries with a production capacity of between 120 to 240 million gallons of biodiesel fuel per year. This news is very positive as it shows institutions and large investors believe the company to be a solid investment.

But the big news propelling Nova's stock price is a recently-inked deal with ConAgra. ConAgra is one of North America's largest packaged foods companies. In July, Nova signed a feedstock supply and biodiesel sales agreements with ConAgra Trade Group. The agreements provide that ConAgra Trade Group will procure the vegetable oil and animal- based feedstock requirements for the Nova-owned biodiesel refinery, as well as sell the biodiesel fuel and manage the logistics for the facility. Building on the relationship with ConAgra, Nova recently signed a biodiesel sales agreement for Nova's 60 million gallon per year biodiesel facility to be located in Seneca, Illinois. ConAgra Trade Group will provide selling and outbound logistics services for the facility as part of the agreement. Nova expects the Seneca refinery to be open in the summer of 2007.

Operational Highlights include the first 10 million gallon per year biodiesel refinery being built in Clinton County, Iowa nearing completion. This facility is targeted for completion in the coming weeks.

The second refinery is being built near DeForest, Wisconsin, and the facility will be wholly owned by Anamax Energy Services. Nova's agreement with Anamax provides for the design and construction of a 20 million gallon per year biodiesel facility on the premises of an Anamax-owned rendering plant. The targeted completion date of this facility is January 2007.

The third refinery is being built for Scott Petroleum Corp. and the agreement provides for the design and construction of a 20 million gallon per year biodiesel refinery located in Greenville, Mississippi. Nova already has an agreement with Scott Petroleum to purchase 50 percent of this facility's production for ten years at approximately the production cost in exchange for initial and deferred payments intended to reimburse Scott Petroleum for the incremental construction costs associated with increasing the capacity from 10 to 20 million gallons per year. The targeted completion date for this facility is anticipated to be in early 2007.

Nova has a proprietary, patented biodiesel production technology, developed by Nova Biosource Fules, which is wholly-owned by Nova Energy Holding. This technology allows Nova to reduce processing costs by up to 35% and overall fuel production costs by as much as 20% from standard industry practices. This competitive advantage results in lower manufacturing costs, faster facility permitting, and minimal environmental impact due to the absence of air and water waste streams.

Nova boasts seasoned management, including CEO Kenneth Bern who served as President of Texaco Saudi, Inc., between 1981-1984, as Vice Chairman and Managing Director of Texaco Nigeria Limited from 1984 through 1989, and as President of Texaco Brazil from 1989 through 1994. COO Jody Powers was the former president of Halliburton Energy Services, where he worked for 35 years. Nova has also stacked their board with industry experts and experienced veterans in the energy field. Their guidance and their contacts should allow Nova to take advantage of opportunities moving forward.

Softer oil prices reduce interest in alternative sources of energy -- and their stocks. Nova's stock price suffered along with the recent decline in crude oil prices, but has since been rebounded strongly. After diving below .00, Nova's stock has quickly shot up to .00, mainly on news of the ConAgra deal. Nova closed today up 11% on volume of nearly triple the average. We see Nova breaking their all-time high of .40 in the coming weeks, providing the potential for a quick 10% profit. However, Nova should be viewed as a long-term play, as recent refinery construction and board appointments has demonstrated commitment to becoming a top biodiesel producer.

Please note that continuing weakness in oil prices will suppress any price advances for Nova. We are of the opinion that oil prices are headed back above by year end and think this will help propel Nova's share price to all-time highs. If you disagree and think oil will continue down, alternative energy companies are not a prudent investment for you. As always, you should do your own due diligence, especially with bulletin board stocks that carry a higher risk profile.

Disclaimer: The author does not currently own any stock in Nova Biosource Fuels and was not compensated in any way to publish this article.

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Biodiesel - Exact Details on How to Make It

Il Emissions Testing Hours - Biodiesel - Exact Details on How to Make It

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Biodiesel - How to make diesel fuel from used cooking oil

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Biodiesel is a fuel that can be used directly in any diesel engine generally without modification. It's viscosity is twice that of regular diesel fuel which means it is better at lubricating your diesel engine than regular diesel. And... emissions are cut dramatically vs using standard diesel fuel. You can buy Biodiesel already made Or you can make it yourself using your own homemade equipment. One other option is to burn straight vegetable oil in your diesel engine. To do this, you must do three things: 1) You must pre-heat your vegetable oil including the storage tank and all feed lines, 2) You must start your engine using regular diesel or biodiesel, and 3) You must clean your system by burning only regular diesel or biodiesel before shutting the engine off. Here are the instructions on making your own biodiesel...

WARNING!!!!

Methanol is flammable and toxic. Do not let it touch your skin or get in your eyes. Wear proper protective gloves, clothing, and eyewear at all times. Same thing with ethanol. Lye is also very caustic - do not allow it to touch your skin or clothing. When you mix the lye with the alcohol, it creates an even more toxic substance and toxic fumes which you should be very careful with - do not come into contact with it in any way. Always be in a well ventilated area. Also... you are 100% responsible for your own safety. The author is not responsible in any way whatsoever for personal injury or damage to your engine.

Let's get started...

Here is a general description of how to make your own biodiesel fuel using methanol, lye, and used cooking oil. This process is called transesterification You can buy methanol from your local racetrack or chemical supply store. You can buy granulated Red Devil lye (sodium hydroxide) from your local grocery store or hardware store. Make sure you filter the used cooking oil before using. Fry oil filters can be purchased in any good restaurant supply store. The oil also must be warmed up so it is not solid or lumpy or thick. You can use the sun to heat the oil or some kind of water heating element or a electric or gas burner of some sort. The ideal temperature is 120° F. If you are using flames, remember that the methanol is extremely flammable and you should turn your burner off before getting the methanol mixture anywhere near it. Of course, this should all be done in a well ventilated area too.

Hint...

To determine the amount of lye needed to start the transesterification process, do a small test batch first. You don't want to mix up a large batch only to find out that you did not use enough lye. Some used cooking oils may contain different amounts of animal fats. The more animal fat in the vegetable oil, the more lye you need to start the process. Start with just 1 liter of oil and 200 milliliters (1/5th of a liter) of methanol and 4.5 grams of lye. First, mix the lye in with the methanol until dissolved (this creates sodium methoxide - very, very caustic - be careful). Then mix the sodium methoxide with the vegetable oil and mix for 1 hour. After mixing, let it settle for an hour or two and it should form two distinct layers of biodiesel (top) and glycerin (bottom). If there are not two distinct layers, repeat the whole process with 5.5 grams of lye.

You can also perform what is called a titration...

Dissolve 1 gram of lye into one liter of distilled water and dissolve 1 milliliter of vegetable oil into 10 ml of isopropyl alcohol. Then drop the diluted lye into the diluted vegetable oil one ml at a time. After each ml, measure the pH of the diluted vegetable oil with litmus paper or a pH meter. When the pH rises significantly, the free fatty acids will be neutralized. The ideal pH is between 8 and 9. The number of ml used will equal the number of extra grams of lye to use per liter of vegetable oil (starting from 3.5 grams of lye).

So, let's assume 5.5 grams of lye produced the desired distinct two layers. We now want to scale it up to a 10 liter batch. So we need 10 liters of used cooking oil, heated. 2 liters of methanol and 55 grams of lye. Mix the lye with the methanol until dissolved and then pour the sodium methoxide mixture into the vegetable oil. Stir for one hour. The mixer can be a sump pump setup or some sort of mechanical electric mixer like a paint mixer. After mixing, let it settle for 8 hours. After settling, you can siphon or pump the biodiesel from the top. After washing, run it through a Racor fuel filter before burning it in your engine. The bottom part after settling is glycerin. A valve at the bottom of your barrel or container is useful to drain off just the glycerin. If you allow it to sit in the sun for a week to evaporate all the methanol, you can use it as a degreaser or to clean your hands.

Washing your biodiesel...

After the above process is completed, you should "wash" your biodiesel fuel to remove any residual soaps suspended in your fuel. The easiest way to get rid of the unwanted soap is to simply add water. The water will emulsify with the glycerin soap and settle to the bottom. So to perform the wash, simply spray an equal amount of water on top of your biodiesel and let it settle to the bottom for 12 hours. Drain the water off the bottom of your container with a valve and then repeat the process 2-3 times until the water drained off is clear. Heat your biodiesel up to 130° F for 20 minutes to evaporate any residual water and you are literally ready to go! Remember to filter it in a 5-10 micron filter before burning it in your engine.

Other ingredients...

Instead of using methanol, you can use ethanol. Ethanol is less toxic than methanol and is considered a "greener" fuel than methanol. Ethanol is "grain alcohol" and is usually made from corn which makes it a renewable fuel. Methanol is highly toxic and is made from fossil fuels or it can be distilled from fermented wood. That's why it's often called "wood alcohol". Also... you can use potassium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide. I believe you'll have to use 1.4 times as much potassium hydroxide as sodium hydroxide though. Make sure you do your "test batch" first!

Two more things....

1) What kind of engine do you need to use biodiesel... basically, biodiesel will run in any diesel engine unmodified. Biodiesel is a solvent, so if you put it in an old tank or use it with a diesel engine that has been running regular diesel, it may clean and dissolve some "residues" and then the residues will clog your fuel filter. Changing the filter often when you first start using biodiesel usually fixes this problem. Usually, manufacturers warranties are not voided when biodiesel is used, but check with your manufacturer to make sure. Sometimes a blend like B20 is required (20% biodiesel). Now if you are running straight vegetable oil (SVO), then you need to make modifications to pre-heat the oil to increase it's viscosity.

2) The only other problem you might have is with natural rubber gaskets and hoses in vehicles made prior to 1992. The biodiesel may degrade these types of rubber and they may need replacing after a while. Newer engines have been modified (synthetic rubber) to stand up to the newer blends of diesel fuel that have been in use since 1992 and these engines will work fine with biodiesel

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Biodiesel - Exact Details on How to Make It (with Health & Product)
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Biodiesel - Exact Details on How to Make It