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Emissions Testing - What We Need to Know With Vehicle Emissions Testing and Repairs.
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Ada County went as the first county in Idaho to administer the vehicle emissions testing program on motor vehicles of the area in 1984. Years later, in present time 2010, the city of Kuna and Canyon County also ruled in the emissions testing program. Kuna and Nampa emission repairs and testing began on the month of June and is still under observation on whether or not changes will be made to their program.
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As Kuna and Canyon County goes on with the vehicle emissions control program, there are still some questions that need to be answered. While emissions testing has already been established, there may still be people who do not yet see the significance of the act.
The vehicle emissions testing program has the purpose of addressing ozone air pollution in areas where air quality has become poor. Vehicles emit chemicals into the air, and these contribute to the formation of ozone. To help in decreasing the air pollutants emitted into the air, cars and autos are being subjected to emissions repairs and testing to identify which vehicles give off excessive amounts of the pollutants.
Air pollution is not exactly a friendly companion. It leads to poor air quality, which can lead to us having trouble with our breathing and respiratory system. Breathing in the ozone can lead to serious health problems like coughing, chest pains, asthma, and other worrying conditions. Aside from our health, poor air quality is also bad for the economy. Our country has the Clean Air Act, which sets standards for the ozone and other air pollutants we breathe. If your area fails to meet these standards then the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or the EPA, will designate your area to a "nonattainment" status. This status can cause existing businesses in your area to limit their production capabilities. Businesses from the outside may also be hesitant in investing in a "nonattainment" area. Which can result to fewer job opportunities and a loss to federal highway funding.
Emissions testing on a car is required every other year. Car owners are notified of their own testing month, and they will have to have their car tested by that month. The testing costs , although in other areas it can go up the the maximum price allowed by the government. Cars that need to be tested should be from model year 1981 and above. Gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles that are older than five years should also be tested.
Owners of electric or hybrid cars have no need to worry about the emissions testing. They are exempted from the program. So are cars that have not yet turned five years old, and cars that are older than 1981. There are many testing locations all throughout Kuna and Canon County where you can bring your car for emissions testing. You can also search around the Web and look for a specific testing location. Nampa emissions repairs and testing has just begun on June 2010, and it will be staying for a long time until we can breathe easy again.
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Emissions Testing - Vehicle Emissions Testing and Repair Has Begun.
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Kuna and Canyon County has already begun with vehicle emissions testing and repairs on June 2010. It is the first time that Nampa, Idaho, has required its vehicle drivers to have their cars tested ever since it has established that emissions from vehicles contributed to the area's air pollution. There are many Nampa emissions repairs and testing stations already servicing many vehicle drivers due to this mandatory law.
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How is Vehicle Emissions Testing and Repair Has Begun
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Vehicle emissions control has been studied for many years now, and its main goal is to reduce the polluting emissions that vehicles powered by internal combustion engines create and release out to the air. There are many pollutants extracted from cars that are especially important to note down when the health of the people, animals, and the environment is at stake. The most principal of these include hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates.
Hydrocarbons come from fuel that is either unburned or partially burned. They are toxic, and can cause liver damage and cancer to people exposed to the pollutant more than is necessary. Regulations concerning hydrocarbons depends upon the engine off the vehicle. Carbon monoxide, on another hand, is not as fatal as hydrocarbons. But it lessens the blood's abilities to carry oxygen throughout our body, and too much carbon monoxide can be fatal to us. Nitrogen oxide is a precursor to acid rain and smog. It is emitted mostly by big vehicles and trucks that blow hot exhaust. The effect of nitrogen oxides to our system is that it destroys resistance to any respiratory infections. Particulates also bring harm to our respiratory health.
With the harm and dangers that these gaseous chemicals give us, it is only understandable that health organizations and environmentalists have taken action against them. The continuing pollution of the air has always been a problem. It has become increasingly problematic as more toxicity has been found in the air.
Not all officials of Nampa had been supportive of the law that states that emissions testing is now mandatory for all vehicle drivers of Kuna and Canyon County. The majority has decided, however, and the law was approved. Not everyone of the folks at the specified areas were also unhappy about the new law. Considering the environmental and physical health effects of the pollutants, this move was bound to happen sooner or later. By the start of the month of June, emissions control and testing began to be carried out.
Vehicles that need to be tested are those that are cars from 1981 to 2005. Hybrid cars are exempted from emissions testing. There is also a fee of for the testing. Drivers only need to have their vehicles tested every other year, so 10 bucks is not that costly. This year, even numbered cars are the ones required to take the emissions control and testing. Cars from 1982, 1984, up to 2000 and 2002 will need to make that visit to the Nampa emissions testing station. Next year, it will be the odd numbered cars' turn.
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Emissions Testing Il - subaru rally car testing 2006.
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Emissions Testing - Passing Emissions Testing and Repair.
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Air pollution is something that everybody is striving to minimize. With a polluted air, the chances of contracting a diseases becomes even more possible with all the germs and bacteria one is inhaling in their lungs. This is why vehicle emissions testing has become mandatory every other year, in accordance with the Clean Air Act.
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The Clean Air Act is responsible for setting standards regarding air pollutants in a particular area. Should a city fail in the standards, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can limit the amount of productivity of the businesses in the area. When this happens, the economy in the area is directly affected because lower production basically mean lower needs for manpower.
Vehicle Emissions Testing
When it comes to emissions testing, cars that need to be tested should be from year 1981 up to the present. Vehicles that run by gasoline and diesel which are five years or more must also be tested although hybrid car owners have no such problem and are exempted from the emission testing.
Where to Find Testing and Repair Providers
Finding a testing provider is fairly easy since there is already an available listing on the internet. A car owner can modify their search depending on the location, allowing them to find the nearest place to have their car sorted. Emissions testing usually cost around ten dollars but it could go up depending on the needs of the vehicle. The same emission sites also allow for repairs in the car in order to pass the requirements of the law. Usually, this means a thorough cleaning of the vehicle and possible replacement of some parts for it to be in accordance with the law.
Currently, the counties that require emissions testing include Ada, Kuna and Canyon County. It was Ada that first started the practice in 1984 before it was developed by other localities in 2010. Currently, the same areas provide their own testing and repair sites for vehicles in order to comply with their standards. Currently, some areas are still under observation to see whether they are capable of enforcing the act.
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Emissions Testing - Best Gas Mileage Per Gallon - Emissions Testing.
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With soaring diesel and gas prices, there is a growing interest in how to save fuel. People are investigating products that promise not only to give the best gas mileage per gallon, but also to burn cooler and lower emissions. If this is true, the expected results will be not only savings at the pump, but also savings on repairs and maintenance as well as less pollution caused by carbon residue build up.
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There are a host of products to consider, including fuel additives, catalysts, and reformulators.
Several of the companies state that their products change the fuel and oxygenate it so that it burns cooler and more efficiently with less emissions, and they say that they have the tests to back up their claims. They say that their product is safe to use in a gas or diesel internal combustion fuel engine. The companies also claims to boost power in diesel and gas engines, displace engine water, and extend vehicle life.
One firm's testing centered on vehicle emissions testing, engine temperature tests, and gas and diesel fuel efficient tests. A series of tests was performed by the Department of Chemical Engineering at a state university. One test was on the engine oil of a diesel truck driven over 28,000 miles for a period of 75 days. The lab analysis revealed metal concentrations were reduced by nearly 50%. The results suggested that the standard requirements for regular periodic maintenance may be reduced as a result of using the product.
Diesel fuel treated with the product was tested for mileage on two vehicles. The same fuel was used, and the trucks were driven without cargo to eliminate variables. The first vehicle experienced an increase in mpg of 32%, and 28% respectively. The second an increase of 25%, and 14% respectively. Three other trucks were tested for mileage by a fleet operator. The trucks were loaded and used on normal delivery routes to reflect actual fleet performance. The average mileage increased from 6.29 to 7.27, resulting in a 16% increase in fuel efficiency.
Emission and mileage tests were also performed by the Emission Testing Centers of Georgia. All of the categories tested experienced a significant reduction in emission output after the introduction of the product. Automotive tests realized a positive increase of 10.4% in fuel efficiency.
Additional tests were also run on six automobiles at a Texas automotive trade school to ascertain car mileage. All vehicles experienced positive increases in car mileage per gallon. The results ranged form a low of 4.6% to a high of 33%. Further tests resulted in lower fuel engine and fuel temperatures, as well as increased horse power.
With the increasing fuel prices and no apparent end in sight, people will continue to look for ways on how to get the best gas mileage and it appears that products that reduce engine maintenance, increase horsepower, decrease pollution and, above all, increase fuel mileage might be a wave of the future.
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Emissions Testing Il - Pass Emissions Testing with Flying Colors.
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How is Pass Emissions Testing with Flying Colors
Pass Emissions Testing with Flying Colors Video Clips. Duration : 2.58 Mins.
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www.lloydsautomotive.net What you need to know about emissions testing to make sure your vehicle will pass.
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Do you live in an area where you car has to meet inspection requirements? Normally your vehicle will also have to pass emissions requirements. This article will help explain what emissions are, and how to fix a possible problem your vehicle may have.
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How is Passing Automotive Emission Testing
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Emissions are simply the exhaust or leftovers of combustion coming out of your vehicle's engine. An emissions test is normally done with a probe placed into the exhaust tailpipe. The emission sampler will "sniff" or sample the contents of the exhaust coming out of the tailpipe. Every road going vehicle produced, has certain clean requirements that it is required to meet. This requirement is specified by EPA to limit the amount of pollutants exiting the vehicle.
Most emission samplers are five gas analyzers. That means they "see" or measure five types of gases. The five gases that will be measured are HC, NOX, O2, CO, and CO2. We will start with HC or hydrocarbons. HC's are simply another term for unburned fuel that makes it through the engine and out the exhaust. HC's cause smog and and are not good to breath. NOX means oxides of Nitrogen. NOX is a by product of highly heated and compressed air that has nitrogen in it. NOX is another bad emission to breath at high levels. O2 is leftover unburned oxygen in the exhaust. Although O2 is obviously not bad, it is tested for to look for people trying to cheat the test.
The percentage of oxygen in the exhaust will also tell the fuel ratio of the engine as it runs. CO and CO2 is carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. CO is odorless and will give you headaches and eventually kill you by robbing O2 from your body, if in high quantities. CO2 is present in the air but large amounts contribute to global warming. Before doing any emission test the check engine soon light, should never light up or it will cause the car to fail. HC's are usually the worst problem for cars that will have to pass the test.
Many things can produce high HC's such as too much or even too little fuel, not all cylinders firing, advanced timing, bad catalytic converter, or an air pump that isn't working. These are the most common causes. Tune up's can prevent most emission problems. NOX is generally worse on higher compression engines. All engines produce NOX but the use of EGR valves will cool and slow down the burn rate of the engine's combustion. This considerably lowers NOX values.
O2 levels are controlled by the fuel ratio being correct from the fuel injection. If there is an exhaust leak all the test numbers will be low and incorrect except the high O2 numbers which will void the test. CO has to do with the efficiency of the burn in the engine and also is highly effected by the fuel to air ratio of the engine. CO2 is also an indicator of the engines set up. The HC's and NOX are by far the largest problem areas. Catalytic converters scrub or clean the majority of the emissions and need to be replaced when they break internally causing a loss in power and no longer clean the air.
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Emissions Testing - The Exemption of Hybrid Cars From Vehicle Emissions Repairs and Testing.
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An exception to the emission repairs and testing requirement are hybrid cars. Cars from 1981 to 2005 are required to take an emissions test in order to determine if they are qualified to be driven. Air pollution and smog has become a real problem that this law concerning cars emitting harmful gases into the air are being tested and monitored. Hybrid cars, however, are safe from the emissions testing.
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How is The Exemption of Hybrid Cars From Vehicle Emissions Repairs and Testing
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Hybrids, or hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), are vehicles that hav two or more power sources to move. One of the power sources is the internal combustion engine. Combine that with one or more electric motors, then you can have a hybrid car. Among the power sources that can be used for this kind of vehicle are rechargeable energy storage system (RESS), petrol or diesel fuel, hydrogen, wind, electricity, solar, and more.
The hybrid car is known to be an environment-friendly vehicle. It is economic when it comes to fuel consumption and it has lower emissions compared to the majority of the cars we have today. Having low emissions is the reason why hybrids are exempted from the emissions repair and testing program. Its emissions are close to or lower than the recommended level of emission set by the Environmental Protection Agency, or the EPA. The three most popular hybrid cars --- the Honda Civic, Honda Insight, and the Toyota Prius --- emits even less air pollution. The reduction can go as high as ninety percent and can cut emissions of carbon dioxide by fifty percent.
Being an environment-friendly car is perhaps the most attractive feature of the hybrid, but there are more to it that makes it an exceptional vehicle. For one, you can save some power because of having to rely on both the engine and the electric motors. The engine would also be sized smaller in a hybrids because of the alternative power, and the smaller engine contributes less internal losses and lower weight.
Hybrid cars also have significant battery storage capacity, and it can also recapture amounts of energy when braking. This makes the hybrid a good choice in areas where stop-and-go traffic is the usual everyday drive. Hybrid cars also have improved dynamics and low rolling resistance tires that contribute to improving fuel economy while giving the driver good handling with the car. There are other features in hybrid cars that help improve fuel economy and employs recapturing of energy that would otherwise be wasted in a normal vehicle.
Hybrid cars aren't as many as the other kinds of vehicles used today. One good reason for this is that hybrids are very expensive, which is obviously understandable considering the alternative motor engine, and the sophisticated dynamics and features. Canyon County and Kuna is also not filled with hybrid car owners, which is evident by the amount of cars going in for inspections and testing. Whatever car the people of Idaho owns, Nampa emission repairs and emissions testing still goes on. The program has just started on June 2010 in the two areas, and vehicle emissions control is still ongoing.
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Emissions Testing Il - Part 4 - KANE 425 / 455 Pressure testing.
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How is Part 4 - KANE 425 / 455 Pressure testing
Part 4 - KANE 425 / 455 Pressure testing Tube. Duration : 1.68 Mins.
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A demonstration of how a KANE 425 portable flue gas analyser can be used to measure a boilers burner pressure.
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Emissions Testing Il - Non Destructive Testing (NDT) Ford 460 Cylinder Head.
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John Edwards @ Costa Mesa R&D Automotive Machine demonstrates non destructive testing (NDT) magnetic particle inspection (Magnaflux) on a 460 Ford cylinder head to determine if the head is cracked. www.engine-machining.com (949) 631-6376
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Emissions Testing Il - Auto Repair: Idle Speed Control - Testing and Replacing.
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Emissions Testing Il - WY HEROES Emissions Testing - www.wyheroes.tk.
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Emissions Testing - NFPA 110 Generator Testing: An Overview
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The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) creates minimum standards for fire safety, egress safety, and other types of safety in commercial buildings. Included in the NFPA's safety standards is a code for testing and maintaining emergency power supply systems (EPSS): NFPA 110. If your building contains a generator, practicing the code can ensure that it performs as expected during a power outage. Below are the basic testing requirements for industrial generators according to NFPA 110. For a full list of requirements, building managers should contact the NFPA, or a commercial power solutions provider.
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NFPAtesting for industrial generators
If a building is required to have a Level 1 or Level 2 generator, the following types of NFPA 110 generator testing should be performed in preparation for a power outage. Experts trained in EPSS technology should carry out these tests.
Section 8.4.2
An EPSS must be exercised under load once a month for at least thirty minutes. The test should be conducted using one of the following two methods:
Loading that achieves a minimum temperature for exhaust gas based on the manufacturer's recommendations.
Under normal operating temperature while running at a minimum of 30% of the nameplate Kilowatt rating.
For generators that cannot operate until their water pressure and oil pressure have stabilized, the tests above should be terminated before the thirty minutes expire. This reduces the time a generator is unavailable for operation.
Section 8.2.4.3
Diesel powered generators that do not meet the requirements set forth in Section 8.4.2 should be exercised monthly for at least thirty minutes using the available EPSS load, and yearly for two hours using a supplied load. For yearly tests, the two hours should be broken down as follows:
30 minutes at 25% of the nameplate Kilowatt rating.
30 minutes at 50% of the nameplate Kilowatt rating.
60 minutes at 75% of the nameplate Kilowatt rating.
A load bank can provide the "supplied load" required for tests under Section 8.2.4.3. Load banks, as well as diesel-powered generators, are available for short-term and long-term rental from commercial power solution providers.
The scope and benefits of NFPA EPSS testing
The requirements above are not a complete list of NFPA 110 generator testing requirements. To determine the necessary maintenance measures and tests needed for your unique generator, consult the code in its entirety. By following its requirements, the following benefits can be realized:
Improved reliability of emergency backup lighting.
Reduced possibility of electricity interruption in critical facilities.
Reduced layover time in break before make generators.
Improved emergency power generation capacity.
Implementing an EPSS is the first step toward powering your building in the event of a power outage, and regular maintenance and tests are needed to ensure its function. To have monthly and annual tests performed; building managers should consult commercial power solution providers. Other services provided by commercial power solutions providers include: retrofitting and modernization measures, new installations, infrared scanning, breaker tests, arc flash analysis and training, healthcare utility management, generator rentals, scheduled maintenance, and repairs.
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Emissions Testing - Procedure For Correctly Making Concrete Cube Samples For Strength Testing
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Do you know about - Procedure For Correctly Making Concrete Cube Samples For Strength Testing
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In order to check concrete strength on site to ensure the batch meets the specified strength it is essential that the cubes are made to the correct standard. The cubes must be made in accordance with British Standard (BS) 1881:1983 Testing Concrete.
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Equipment necessary:
Mould for making test cube
Spanners
Scoop
Steel float or trowel
Compacting bar
Shuttering Oil
Curing tank
Bucket to collect sample
As soon as the truck arrives on site a sample should be taken prior to any water being added to the mix. Take the sample to your designated area set aside for making the cubes. You should already have assembled the moulds so that you can immediately start to fill them while the concrete is still workable. It is also a good idea to have coated the inside of the moulds with shuttering oil to enable easy disassembly later.
Generally for each concrete sample 3 moulds should be made in order that the concrete can be tested after 7 and 28 days and the 3rd mould can be held as a spare.
Using the scoop, fill each mould up to about a third full and compact the concrete with the compacting bar with uniform strokes over the area of the mould. Generally up to 35 strokes are necessary to fully compact and ensure there are no air voids but be careful not to over compact as this may segregate the aggregate from the cement.
Next Fill the moulds up to about two thirds full and repeat the necessary compaction before filling to the top and compacting again. Once the filled cube moulds are sufficiently compacted finish the surface of the concrete with the trowel and clean the excess concrete from the mould.
Ensure the individual cubes are identifiable with appropriate labels which should at the very minimum show the date, time and cube ID number.
Once the cubes are cured they should be covered with a damp mat and stored for 16 to 24 hours in an area where the temperature is between 20 and 30 degrees celsius.
Once the necessary time has passed and the cubes have achieved the necessary strength to be de-moulded without damaging the sample, they should be de-moulded, labelled with a marker or crayon and placed in the curing tank at a temperature of 27-30 degrees celsius until they are ready to be tested
Once de-moulding is complete the moulds should be cleaned, reassembled and made ready for the next set of samples.
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Do you know about - Sieve Testing - Standards, Certification & Calibration
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Sieving in its most elemental definition is the separation of fine material from coarse material by means of a meshed or perforated surface. The technique was used as far back as the early Egyptian days as a way to size grains. These early sieves were made of woven reeds and grasses. Today the sieve test is the technique used most often for analyzing particle-size distribution.
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Although at first look the sieving process appears to be elementary, in practice, there is a science and art involved in producing reliable and consistent results. In order to better understand sieving, there are several areas of sieve specifications that should to be explained, including:
1. What Are Test Sieves?
Test sieves are measuring devices used to determine the size and size distribution of particles in a material sample using wire mesh of different openings to separate particles of different sizes.
Test sieves usually consist of wire mesh held in a frame. In most laboratory applications the frame is round and is made from stainless steel or brass. The standard frame sizes are three, six, eight, ten, or twelve inch diameters and metric equivalents. The woven mesh can be made of stainless steel, brass, or bronze. For most applications stainless steel is the most common material used.
2. What Are the Limitations of the Test Sieve Procedure?
The main limitation with the construction of test sieves is the inherent nature of a woven product including control of sag when mounted and the uniformity of construction of the holding frame. It is also essential to maintain consistent sizing across all the openings in a piece of mesh.
Because of the inherent variations of openings in any woven product there are limitations to the degree of uniformity achieved in the opening size across the mesh in a sieve. This results in a practical limit to the range of openings and to the precision of results from a specific sieve.
The sieve test requires particles to pass through the sieve mesh. The practical limit for using a test sieve procedure is a particle size of 20¼ (microns).
3. What Are the Test Sieve Standards?
The first sieve testing standards were developed by W.S. Tyler Company before 1920. This original work predated any published activity by the standards organizations and the Tyler designation is the de facto standard in many industries. In 1925, ASTM International prepared the official standard for Test Sieve Size, Test Sieve Construction, and Test Sieve Mesh in the United States. European Standards were developed by a German university group in 1977 and are known by the designation DIN 4188. These were followed by British Standards (BS 410). The International Standards (ISO 565) were developed by the International Standards Organization in Europe. This was designed to be the universal international standard. However, in practice, all of the standards are in operation.
Sieve testing standards relate to the construction of the sieve frame and mesh mounting as well as the tolerances allowed in the variability of mesh openings. Basic principles are common to all of the standards and variations in terminology and in details are small. These small differences, however, can often lead to confusion. The following is a synopsis of the principles behind these standards.
Test sieve frame standards include the following:
1. Rigid construction
2. Cloth (mesh) mounted without distortion, looseness, or waviness
3. Joint between mesh and frame to be filled or constructed so that particles will not be trapped
4. Frame will be of non-corrosive material and seamless
5. Bottom of the frame sized to easily slide into the top of same sized sieve, thus enabling stacking
6. Cloth opening to be a minimum of 0.5 inches less than nominal diameter
The wire cloth (mesh) standards include the following list of nominal size openings in inches, millimeters (microns), and sieve number. The following specific dimensional examples come from the ASTM E11 Standard:
1. Permissible variation of average openings (depending on opening size and ranges from ± 2.9% of nominal size for 125 mm mesh to ± 15% for 20¼ mesh)
2. Not more than 5 % of the openings can exceed 1.04 times the nominal size for 125 mm mesh to 1.45 times the nominal opening for 20¼ mesh
3. Maximum individual opening (for any opening) ranges from 1.0472 times the nominal size for 125 mm mesh to 1.75 times the normal mesh for 20¼ mesh
4. Wire diameters are specified and range from 8 mm for 125 mm mesh to 0.020 millimeters for 20¼ mesh
More recently, methods based on laser and energy technologies, sedimentation techniques, image analysis, and centrifuge-type methods have gained acceptance. However, procedures using test sieves are still widely used. The sieve-test result remains the basis or standard against which newer techniques are checked. In addition, the equipment cost for the test sieve procedure is significantly lower than the capital investment needed for newer methods.
4. What Are Sieve Certifications?
Sieve certifications are statements that a test sieve meets or exceeds published criteria. It is an assurance that a new sieve will perform in a predictable way. The closer the tolerance required in a manufacturing process, the higher the level of certification needed. Similarly, a master set of test sieves against which working sieves (sieves in everyday use) are checked for wear and predicted performance need a high level of certification. When test sieves are part of a process that is required to meet traceability prerequisites, such as a specific ISO level, a certification will document the needed traceability.
Many sieve manufacturers provide a certificate which states that the sieve was manufactured in conformance with a specific standard (e.g., ASTM, ISO). This Manufacturing Conformance Certificate does not reference nor does it certify conformance of the mesh. Most manufacturers supplying a Conformance Certificate will analyze the mesh and provide a mesh certification for an extra charge.
A Mesh-Certified Sieve will be provided with a certificate that states the sieve was manufactured in accordance with a specified standard and it was submitted for laboratory analysis and is certified to conform to that specific specification/standard (e.g., ASTM, ISO).
There is a third level of tolerance which certifies that the manufacturing standard is met and that the mesh was submitted for laboratory analysis. It also certifies that its openings fall in the middle of the specific standard/specification (e.g., ASTM, ISO). This is effectively a 30% better tolerance than the mesh of a Fully-Certified sieve. This is known as a Mid-Point Sieve. These three levels of sieve certification enable the comparability of performance of one sieve to another of the same size.
Until the development of the Mid-Point Sieve, high levels of comparability were achieved by providing sieves that were optically matched to a user's standard sieve. A time consuming and costly procedure was needed to accomplish this level of comparability and the results were not significantly better than those achieved by using Mid-Point Sieves.
Mesh-Certified Sieves, Mid-Point Sieves, and sieves carrying the Manufacturing Conformance Certificate are all made with mesh that already conforms to official standards. However, there are three lower grade levels of sieve mesh available when tolerance levels are not as stringent.
The first is Market Grade. These sieves have a weave that uses a larger diameter wire resulting in a high strength square-mesh cloth suitable for general purpose screening. There are no official standards for Market Grade test sieves. The second, Mill Grade, is a class of woven mesh using smaller wire, which results in larger open areas in the screen mesh. There is also a Twill Weave in which the weft and warp wires alternatively run over and under two wires rater than over and under alternate wires as in standard mesh. As none of these have official standards against which to measure the expected performance, none of these are provided with a mesh certificate.
5. Sieve Calibration
Quality control of the sieving process is essential, and for people involved in material processing and particle characterization, sieve calibration can be a confusing topic. It is beneficial to understand what sieve calibration is, why a working sieve should be calibrated, and how to calibrate a sieve.
A. What Is Sieve Calibration?
Sieve calibration is the process of checking a working sieve's performance. (A working sieve is a test sieve that is used regularly to perform a particle size analysis.)
B. Why Calibrate a Working Sieve?
Since working sieves are used daily for tests, they are also cleaned regularly. Although frequent use in itself can cause changes in mesh openings, much of the damage sustained to working sieves occurs during cleaning. Often, the operator hurries to clear the mesh of residual particles by strongly tapping the frame. This tapping can distort the mesh. Operators also use brushes to remove residual particles after a test. This process often distorts sections of the sieve mesh. These alterations of the sieve will change the results obtained in subsequent tests, hence the need for calibration.
Excessive damage such as tears or large distortions of the mesh weave can be detected by visual inspection. Damaged sieves can be taken out of service when the damage is observed. When the change is small, visual observation may not detect a variation in the test results attributable to the sieve's change. A way to determine if changes have occurred is to compare the sieve's performance against a known standard. This is sieve calibration.
In addition, in operations with tight particle size specifications, calibration of new test sieves is performed to establish a performance baseline for the sieve.
C. How is a Test Sieve Calibrated?
The base point of a sieve calibration process is the use of a fixed standard and there are a number of approaches used. The most common is the use of a master stack of sieves, a master sample, or calibration spheres or beads.
A master stack of sieves includes one of each of the sieves used in the processes. A master stack should consist of Mesh-Certified sieves. In the event of tight tolerances for the sieve tests it is recommended that Mid-Point sieves be used. The following steps are used for this method:
1. Prepare two samples of the material selected for the calibrations process
2. Place the master stack of sieves on a sieve shaker
3. Load one of the samples into the top sieve
4. Run on a sieve shaker for the predetermined time
5. Prepare a percent-retained analysis of the result
6. Place the stack of working sieves (sieves with sizes to match master stack)
7. Repeat steps three through five for the second sample of the material
8. Compare the results of the two analyses
9. Check variance from the master stack against acceptable tolerances
10. Replace the working sieves that are out of tolerance
Some users only calibrate one sieve at a time and compare it to one sieve from the master set. This procedure can be done before putting new working sieves in service.
In some processes master samples are maintained of all material that is subject to sieve testing. The results expected from working sieves were established through the use of a master sieve stack or other calibration techniques. In this method a sample from the master is used and the following steps are taken:
1. Place the stack of working sieves to be checked on a sieve shaker
2. Load the selected sample from the master sample into the top sieve
3. Run the sieve shaker for the predetermined time
4. Prepare a percent retained analysis of the result
5. Compare the results to acceptable tolerances for the sieves in this stack
6. Replace the working sieves that are out of tolerance
The used sample may be returned to the original master sample. Depending on the type of material, deterioration may occur during the sieve test. Where this occurs the test sample is discarded after use.
As with the use of a master stack, some users only calibrate one sieve at a time and compare it to a performance tolerance chart for that sieve size. This procedure can also be used for new working sieves before putting them into service.
Calibration spheres, in sizes for each of the sieves to be calibrated, are used to determine the actual results obtained by each sieve tested. This method is simple and gives a precise result on the mean aperture size. The result is traceable to NIST and NPL standards. It is a good check for standards reporting and for setting internal standards. The procedure for this calibration is as
follows:
1. Select the sieve to be calibrated
2. Empty the contents of the bottle containing the appropriate standard onto the sieve
3. Shake evenly over the surface for one minute
4. Calculate the percent passing through and read the mean aperture for a calibration graph
The method specified by ASTM is to optically inspect a sample of the openings, measure the apertures and the wire, and compare the results with the ASTM E11 Standard. Traditionally, this has been accomplished visually using a microscope. However, there are new computer-based image analysis systems that are beginning to have limited use for sieve calibration.
6. Summary
Sieves have a long history as the base for measuring and analyzing particle size in material. In spite of the advent of new technology-based methods, procedures based on sieves continue to be the main basis for particle size determination. In order to produce reliable and consistent results, it is evident that sieving requires an understanding of not just one, but a combination of integral factors such as test sieves, limitations of the test sieve procedure, test sieve standards, sieve certifications, and sieve calibration.
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