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Showing posts with label History. Show all posts
Showing posts with label History. Show all posts

Buying an Early Ford Bronco - Model History

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The early Ford Bronco enjoys a status today among 4x4 fans and classic car devotees that borders on becoming a cult. With a simple design and solid build, excellent handling both on and off road and raw V8 power you have a vehicle that lends itself to many modifications. The early models are now more than 40 years old, the esteem of the classic 1966-1977 Ford Bronco will no doubt continue to grow over the coming years. If you are considering buying an early Ford Bronco then the information here should help you choose the model year that is right for you.

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When buying an early Ford Bronco as with the purchase of any older or classic vehicle the usual advice applies to buy the best you can afford with your budget and remember to include ongoing running costs for maintaining an ageing, if modern classic.

Introduced to the motoring public in August 1965 the Ford Bronco was to compete against the Jeep CJ-5 and International Harvester Scout. Initially the early Broncos were very basic; options including power steering and auto transmission were absent. The engine department offered a 105 BHP, 170ci six cylinder - a variant from the Ford Falcon range. Transmission was the three speed manual with a column mounted shifter. Exclusive to the initial models was a tall shifter with a J-handle style ball mounted atop.

The Ford Bronco range was available in wagon, roadster and half cab variations however the roadster proved unpopular and ceased production in 1968. Brakes were drums all round, rear axle was a Ford 9" (up to 1971) and a Dana 30 front axle. The gas tank held 14.5 gallons as standard with a second tank as an optional extra holding an additional 11.5 gallons. The 1966 year model had the following optional extras to choose from: winches, tachometer, tow hooks, trailer hitch, snow plow kit, warn freewheeling hubs and air lift front auxiliary springs. Production for the 1966 model year came to 23,700 units.

1967

1967 saw the Sports Package launched including headlamp and tail lamp bezels, bright finished horn ring, windshield drip, side window frames, cigar lighter, chrome-plated bumpers, front guards and grille (with red "Ford" letters attached to the grille) and 15" wheels trims. In addition to this a bright trimmed headliner and vinyl floor matt were included along with instrument panel trim and tailgate handle. Also new were a dual master cylinder with a split hydraulic system and self adjusting brakes with back up lights and an 11.5 gallon spare fuel tank. 14200 models were produced in 1967.

1968

New in 1968 were front locking hubs and new design inside door handles and window crank knobs along with curved ends on the bumpers and side marker reflectors. 1968 was the last year for the 289ci V8. 16600 models were produced in 1968.

1969

First off the 302ci V8 replaced the 289ci V8, two speed electric wipers were introduced, parking lights with an amber lense replaced the white lense and the steering stabilizer was to become standard. Aluminum door panel trim and a pleated parchment interior were added to the Sport Package and when the rear seat was ordered this came with a rear floor mat. Production levels rose to just under 21,000 models.

1970

The Sports package became a model in its own right instead of a package. The most obvious modifications were the new position of the side marker lights and reflectors. This year saw a reduction in the capacity of the main and spare gas tanks from 12.7 gallons and 10.3 gallons. 1970 saw 18450 Broncos built.

1971

Changes included the Dana 44 becoming the standard Bronco front axle, remote control left hand outside mirror, new headliner for the pick-up and a heavy duty radiator. 1971 saw the limited edition Baja Bronco by Bill Stroppe and Associates introduced - they took a Bronco wagon and made the following modifications: roll bar, front and rear dual shocks, fender flares, larger Gates Commando tires, rubberized steering wheel, bumper braces, automatic transmission, power steering, nameplate and special paint order (red, white, blue, black and white). In total around 650 Baja Broncos were made between 1971 and 1975. Just over 19700 Broncos were made in 1971.

1972

Mid Year changes saw the ranger Package introduced with new striping, argent grille, color coded front and rear pile carpets, deluxe wheel covers, tire cover with "Ranger" lettering, cloth insert bucket seats, fiberboard headliner and wood grained door trim panels. The gas tank reduced in size once again to 7.5 gallons. The T-handle shifter was removed as was the "302" badge V8 front fenders. Production rose to 21,100 units.

1973

This year saw the introduction of the C-4 auto transmission and power steering as an option, the J-Handle transfer case shifter was also introduced. These efforts to modernize the Bronco against stiff competition helped the sales for 1973 achieve just fewer than 21,900 units.

1974

The numbers of Broncos that rolled off the production line hit 25,800 and in this year a new emissions package was introduced for the Californian Broncos making the 200 cid six cylinder engine and 4.11 axles obsolete. Changes were made to the J-handle shifter mechanics and the transmission selector was now lit.

1975

Stricter emissions regulations saw the introduction of unleaded fuel engines, catalytic converters and it is rumored that cam timings were restricted in 1975 to assist with emissions. Sport and Ranger models were fitted with the F-Series steering wheel, ride heights adjusted and an 800 watt engine block heater was available as an option. Lowest ever production numbers were seen of 13,125.

1976

A Special Decor Group had a matt-black finish grille, tape stripe, side window frames, bright windshield molding and wheel covers. Mechanically long awaited power assisted front disc brakes were fitted, rear brakes were also upgraded, Y steering linkage introduced and a front anti sway bar. Production numbers rose slowly to just over 15,200.

1977

The last year for the early Bronco saw the introduction of a heavy duty 9" rear end housing, gas tank doors replaced exterior caps, rear marker lights were now mounted vertically and a 14.4 gallon and 8 gallon gas tank were made in plastic. This is possibly the best of the early models as it includes most of the previous year features. Some previously standard items, such as a passenger's side seat and padded instrument panel, were made optional this year. In its final year of production, 14,546 Broncos rolled off the assembly line before the large Bronco took over in 1978.

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VW California review

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We had a good read. For the benefit of yourself. Be sure to read to the end. I want you to get good knowledge from Emissions Testing Il . A review of the VW factory-fitted camper van, the California.
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Printed Circuit Board Failure Analysis - The Basics

Emissions Testing - Printed Circuit Board Failure Analysis - The Basics.
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Complex electronic devices have relied on integrated circuits (ICs) on Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) for quite a while now. Though several advances in technology have been made, the fundamentals remain the same. Pressure to pack more circuitry into a smaller area has increased the density of these boards and along with such designs, come many different errors. Greater complexity ensures that new types of flaws will emerge and the small size of the chips makes them difficult to detect.

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How is Printed Circuit Board Failure Analysis - The Basics

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Printed Circuit Board Failure Analysis deals with the detection of these errors. Over the years, many techniques have either emerged or been modified to detect flaws with divurgent degrees of details and perspectives. In this article, we take a brief look at some of the flaws in PCBs as well as the techniques for detecting them.

Flaws in PCBs

Broadly speaking, we can name three major types of flaws that plague PCBs. Flaws relating to material defects, flaws involving faulty electrical connections and flaws involving a physical breakdown. PCB materials are built to precise specifications. Semiconductors need to have the exact specifications in order for them to have the precise design properties.

When trace materials are present above the threshold, the PCB won't work as specified. Finding out whether or not it contains trace materials is the job of failure analysts. Due to the complexity of the circuits, electrical problems can be very common. But it's often difficult to isolate these flaws.

One electronic failure analysis technique we use to test is to create a heat map of the entire chip. Overheating in any area is a strong indication of an electrical fault though the actual problem might lie elsewhere. Nevertheless, it's a useful starting point.

Finally, physical breakdowns such as rust and fractures are also common. There are many types of cracks such as fatigue cracks, brittle cracks and environmental stress cracks. Finding out which type of crack it is enables us to also address the underlying problem which led to the flaw in the first place, which is the of course, the final goal of this exercise.

Detection techniques

A large number of failure detection techniques have been developed to deal with each type of flaw. Spectroscopy is used to uncover trace elements, microthermography is used to detect minute heat traces. Various types of penetrant testing are used to discover physical flaws in the substance. Each type of detection has many techniques, each of which has its own pros and cons.

For example, microscopy can include emission spectroscopy, acoustic microscopy, and electron microscopy. Microthermography includes Liquid crystal imaging and fluroscent microthermal imaging. Physical breakdowns can be detected using acoustic microscopy and x-ray imaging.

Sometimes many different tests are necessary to get a complete picture of what's gone wrong. The company, the type of test required, and the budget will all combine to determine which one is used. Without Printed Circuit Board Failure Analysis, we would be completely lost when a PCB malfunctions.

Summary

Through printed circuit board analysis you will be able to know which of the three types of flaw has caused error in your circuitry which are flaws relating to material defects, flaws involving faulty electrical connections and flaws involving a physical breakdown. The use of the correct detection techniques by considering the company, the type of test required, and the budget will all combine to determine which technique is used. A Printed Circuit Board Failure Analysis will be completely useful when a PCB malfunctions.

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Ford History - Crash Tests

Emissions Testing Il - Ford History - Crash Tests.

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We had a good read. For the benefit of yourself. Be sure to read to the end. I want you to get good knowledge from Emissions Testing Il . In the early 70s Ford dedicated more effort devoted to the problem of safety testing and many more specific crash tests. They also took care of solving pollution problems, with studies on how to reduce gas emissions and on alternative fuels. This Galaxy 500, from the early 70s, the typical American limosine, underlines how Ford looked at the future without losing the traditional models including the elite ones. During the same period The US Ford factories began to produce compact cars like Pinto. In Europe, production increased and models were diversified, including those made in Britain and Germany. Cars like the Escort, also starring in the rallies, and then Capri, Cortina and Fiesta contributed to the spread of the brand. In 1979 came the acquisition of the Japanese Mazda, which joined the Ford group. ------------------------------------------------------- All'inizio degli anni settanta anche la casa statunitense si dedicò con maggiore impegno al problema della sicurezza con test sempre più specifici e molte prove di crash. Non di meno si occupò della risoluzione dei problemi dell'inquinamento, con studi sul modo di ridurre le emissioni di scarico e sui carburanti alternativi. É dei primi anni settanta questa galaxie 500, grande berlina di rappresentanza, tipica limousine americana, a sottolineare come in ford si guardasse al futuro senza mai perdere la tradizione di modelli anche d'elite. Nello stesso periodo anche negli stabilimenti ford degli stati uniti si iniziò a ...
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A Brief History Of Quantum Mechanics

Emissions Testing Il - A Brief History Of Quantum Mechanics.
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We had a good read. For the benefit of yourself. Be sure to read to the end. I want you to get good knowledge from Emissions Testing Il . www.facebook.com ... Quantum Mechanics (Chapter 1): A Brief History Of Quantum Mechanics. --- Please SUBSCRIBE to Science & Reason: • www.youtube.com • www.youtube.com • www.youtube.com --- 1. A Brief History Of Quantum Mechanics www.youtube.com 2. The Structure Of Atoms www.youtube.com 3. Wave Function And Wave-Particle Duality www.youtube.com 4. The Uncertainty Principle www.youtube.com 5. The Spin Of Fundamental Particles 6. Quantum Entanglement --- The history of quantum mechanics began essentially with the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by Michael Faraday, the 1859 statement of the black body radiation problem by Gustav Kirchhoff, the 1877 suggestion by Ludwig Boltzmann that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete, and the 1900 quantum hypothesis by Max Planck that any energy is radiated and absorbed in quantities divisible by discrete energy elements, E, such that each of these energy elements is proportional to the frequency ν with which they each individually radiate energy. Planck insisted that this was simply an aspect of the processes of absorption and emission of radiation and had nothing to do with the physical reality of the radiation itself. However, at that time, this appeared not to explain the photoelectric effect (1839), ie that shining light on certain materials can function to eject electrons from the material. In 1905, basing his work on Plancks quantum hypothesis, Albert Einstein postulated that light itself consists of individual ...
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OTC Leak Tamer™ Plus EVAP

Emissions Testing Il - OTC Leak Tamer™ Plus EVAP.
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How is OTC Leak Tamer™ Plus EVAP

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We had a good read. For the benefit of yourself. Be sure to read to the end. I want you to get good knowledge from Emissions Testing Il . A Truly Versatile Unit for Testing a Wide Range of Systems The OTC LeakTamerTM Plus EVAP can also locate vacuum/induction leaks, climate control vacuum leaks, exhaust leaks, wind and water leaks, and many other closed system leaks. All testing is performed with the engine off. Inexpensive to operate, the OTC LeakTamer Model 6521 is user-refillable and will complete about 500 tests per smoke solution refill. Also comes with full dye reservoir and built-in dipstick. •Easy, effective, versatile tool to help technicians diagnose EVAP trouble codes on domestic and import cars and light trucks. •Uses patented UltraTraceUVTM technology — the only OEM-approved dye available. •Works with nitrogen or shop air to meet all OEM test requirements. •Uses existing OTC LeakTamer accessories. Uses OEM-Approved Technology This technology was developed in collaboration with Ford Motor Company, GM, and Daimler Chrysler to specifically test a vehicle's EVAP system and to meet major automakers' EVAP testing specifications and needs. The LeakTamer Plus EVAP Model 6521 is EVAP-approved. Accessories Included with No. 6521 No. CEA-01 - 3 1/2" Diameter Exhaust Cone No. CEA-02 - Assorted Cap Plug Kit No. CEA-04 - Standard Service Port Adapter No. CEA-049 - Dual Size Schrader Removal Tool No. HS-400AC - 400000 CP Spotlight with 20 foot Cord and Battery Clips.
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The History of Harnessing Solar Power

Il Emissions Testing Locations - The History of Harnessing Solar Power

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Solar panel technology now forms a significant and growing contribution to solar energy the world over. But where did the idea come from in the first place? And how did the science progress to reach the point where today businesses and homes install solar panels on rooftops to generate energy?

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It turns out that if we trace the history of harnessing solar energy we reach a little known French physicist named Alexandre Edmond Becquerel. He was a well regarded scientist in his time and is credited with discovering the photovoltaic effect of sunlight on an electrode submerged in conductive fluid in 1839.

However, it would take until 1873 until English electrical engineer Willoughby Smith to discover the photoconductive properties of selenium that further progress be made. The first solar cell was created in 1883 by American inventor Charles Fritts, which had just 1% efficiency. Later down the track, US patents were filed by Edward Weston in 1888, Melvin Severy in 1894 and Harry Reagan in 1897 for different versions of the early solar cells.

It took many experiments in photovoltaics throughout the 20th century by both US and European scientists to advance the science. Leaps were made between 1916 and the 1920's by Robert Millikan, who tested and proved the photoelectric effect existed. Polish chemist Jan Czochralski then produced a methodology to grow single crystals of metal for use in photovoltaic cells.

It took almost 100 years from A.E Becquerel's initial discovery to reach the 1920's when flat plate solar collectors were put to use in sunny Florida and California to provide solar hot water heating in homes and apartment buildings.

From the 1920's to Post-War 40's increased consumer demand for solar panels arose due to electric shortages and outages. This caused the need for solar architects, lead to Bell Telephone Labs getting involved and pushed the drive for greater efficiency from solar panels when solar cells yielded 11% more power than the first crude cell.

Fast forward to the 1970's when solar cell technology had by this stage been more accepted around the world with smart uses for solar energy and heating for public buildings, businesses, lighthouses and remotely located off-the-grid homeowners who used it to provide efficient electricity.

Australia was one of countries at the forefront of solar technology development. In 1982 Australian native Hans Tholstrup piloted the first solar powered car over 2,800 miles in 20 days. Tholstrup is also the founder of the Australian World Solar Challenge which continues to the current day.

Since the 90's solar PV technology has advanced in its ability to harness the sun efficiently and cost effectiveness to the point where its becoming a major feature of modern homes and businesses to reduce carbon emissions, offset power bills, do away with power bills altogether and in some cases become a source of passive income.

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